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Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. "Chicago Defender, vols. I-V" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1895 - 1909. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5a34bc90-19c3-013c-93ad-0242ac110002
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. "Chicago Defender, vols. I-V" New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed April 27, 2024. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5a34bc90-19c3-013c-93ad-0242ac110002
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. (1895 - 1909). Chicago Defender, vols. I-V Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5a34bc90-19c3-013c-93ad-0242ac110002
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Chicago Defender, vols. I-V, (1895 - 1909)|author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref>